#Iskysoft imedia converter deluxe review manual
When no date is given for the publication of a text (as is the case with many websites), include the abbreviation “n.d.” in place of the year of publication.įor other considerations related to in-text referencing using the APA format, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. In “Five Ways to Protect Yourself” (2000) one can find…Įxamples of parenthetical attribution: ( Plagiarism and You, 2002) or (“Five Ways to Protect Yourself,” 2000) The recent publication Plagiarism and You (2002) offers some explanation… Title fragments should be formatted using the same punctuation as titles on the References page. If no author is given for a specific text, use the first couple of word of the title in place of the author’s last name. If an organization has a recognizable abbreviation, this may be used in subsequent references.įirst mention of the reference: (American Medical Association, 2002)
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If a group or corporation is the author, the full name of the group or corporation should be included in place of an author’s name. If a text has been authored by more than five individuals, the full listing of authors is not required in the first reference or any subsequent in-text references.įirst mention of the reference: Johnson, Smith, and Brown (1999) agree that… Use an ampersand (&) to separate the names of authors. When a work has two authors, both names should be cited every time the reference is required. 244) has written that… or Smith (1988, chap. To include references to a specific part of the text, add the page number or chapter number after the year.Įxamples: Smith (1988, p. However, it is highly suggested that these be included. Page numbers are not required in APA in-text citation. To make the citation of the source less distracting, the APA also suggests mentioning the author in the essay’s content so that only the year of publication and page number may be required in the parenthetical reference.Īttribution in text: Author Last Name (Year of Publication) has argued this point.Įxample: Smith (1988) has argued this point. Parenthetical Citation: (Author Last Name, Year of Publication) The following is the general form for parenthetical citations in APA style: Parenthetical references should be included immediately after the quotation marks used in direct quotations or immediately after the use of the source, even if these means including the parenthetical reference in the middle of the sentence.
To cite the use of a source in the text of an essay, APA advocates two methods: parenthetical citation and attribution within the essay’s content. General Form: (“Title Fragment” Page #) or ( Title Fragment Page #)Įxamples: (“Library Links” 13) or ( Building a Bookshelf 42)įor other considerations related to MLA parenthetical citations, see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed. If there is no author, a title fragment should be used to make a connection between the use of the source and the citation for the source on the Works Cited page. The following are examples of parenthetical citations for text with more than one author: General Form: (Author Last, “Title Fragment” Page #) or (Author Last, Title Fragment Page #)Įxamples: (Smith, “Who Moved” 42) or (Smith, Big Changes 172) Note that the format of the title on the Works Cited sheet should be mirrored in the parenthetical reference (i.e., if the title is underlined on the Works Cited page, then the title fragment should be underlined in the parenthetical reference). If the author is included more than once on the Works Cited page, the following form should be used. The second quotation used in the paragraph came from page 12. In the following example, the first quotation from Smith appeared on page 43 of the text. Page numbers should be included for each quotation organized by placement in the paragraph. If a paragraph includes several quotations from a single source, a single parenthetical reference may be placed at the end of the paragraph. If two quotations from different sources are used in the same sentence, the parenthetical reference associated with a particular quote should be placed as close to the quotation as possible without interrupting the flow of the sentence.
The parenthetical reference should be inserted after the last quotation mark but before the period at the end of the sentence. MLA citation style requires that writers cite a source within the text of their essay at the end of the sentence in which the source is used.
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